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the Main Areas of the Brain

  • 1 Brain

       Among the higher mammals the great development of neocortex occurs.
       In each group of mammals there is a steady increase in the area of the association cortex from the most primitive to the evolutionarily most recent type; there is an increase in the number of neurons and their connections. The degree of consciousness of an organism is some function of neuronal cell number and connectivity, perhaps of neurons of a particular type in association cortex regions. This function is of a threshold type such that there is a significant quantitative break with the emergence of humans. Although the importance of language and the argument that it is genetically specified and unique to humans must be reconsidered in the light of the recent evidence as to the possibility of teaching chimpanzees, if not to speak, then to manipulate symbolic words and phrases, there are a number of unique human features which combine to make the transition not merely quantitative, but also qualitative. In particular these include the social, productive nature of human existence, and the range and extent of the human capacity to communicate. These features have made human history not so much one of biological but of social evolution, of continuous cultural transformation. (Rose, 1976, pp. 180-181)
       [S]ome particular property of higher primate and cetacean brains did not evolve until recently. But what was that property? I can suggest at least four possibilities...: (1) Never before was there a brain so massive; (2) Never before was there a brain with so large a ratio of brain to body mass; (3) Never before was there a brain with certain functional units (large frontal and temporal lobes, for example); (4) Never before was there a brain with so many neural connections or synapses.... Explanations 1, 2 and 4 argue that a quantitative change produced a qualitative change. It does not seem to me that a crisp choice among these four alternatives can be made at the present time, and I suspect that the truth will actually embrace most or all of these possibilities. (Sagan, 1978, pp. 107-109)
       The crucial change in the human brain in this million years or so has not been so much the increase in size by a factor of three, but the concentration of that increase in three or four main areas. The visual area has increased considerably, and, compared with the chimpanzee, the actual density of human brain cells is at least 50 percent greater. A second increase has taken place in the area of manipulation of the hand, which is natural since we are much more hand-driven animals than monkeys and apes. Another main increase has taken place in the temporal lobe, in which visual memory, integration, and speech all lie fairly close together. And the fourth great increase has taken place in the frontal lobes. Their function is extremely difficult to understand... ; but it is clear that they're largely responsible for the ability to initiate a task, to be attentive while it is being done, and to persevere with it. (Bronowski, 1978, pp. 23-24)
       The human brain works however it works. Wishing for it to work in some way as a shortcut to justifying some ethical principle undermines both the science and the ethics (for what happens to the principle if the scientific facts turn out to go the other way?). (Pinker, 1994, p. 427)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Brain

  • 2 célula

    f.
    1 cell.
    2 cell.
    3 cell, terrorist cell.
    * * *
    1 cell
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Bio, Elec) cell
    2) (Pol) cell
    3) (Aer) airframe
    * * *
    1) (Biol) cell; (Elec) cell
    * * *
    = cell, pod.
    Ex. For this and other reasons, many articles will be concerned with highly complex subjects rarely, if ever, met in books, e.g. the action of certain carcinogenic and inactive hydrocarbons on the mitochondria of liver cells.
    Ex. There are 3 ' pods' designed to separate areas from the main library for children's activities, the African and Caribbean literature centres and for meeting rooms.
    ----
    * anemia de células falciformes = sickle-cell anaemia.
    * arteritis de células gigantes = giant cell arteritis.
    * célula cancerígena = cancer cell.
    * célula cancerosa = cancer cell.
    * célula cerebral = brain cell.
    * célula de combustible = fuel cell.
    * célula del cerebro = brain cell.
    * célula de levadura = yeast cell.
    * célula falciforme = sickle cell.
    * célula fotoeléctrica = photoelectric cell, photoelectric cell, photoelectric cell.
    * célula fotovoltaica = photovoltaic cell.
    * célula madre = stem cell.
    * célula madre adulta = adult stem cell.
    * célula madre embrionaria = embryonic stem cell.
    * célula madre hematopoyética = haematopoietic stem cell.
    * célula piramidal = pyramidal cell.
    * célula sanguínea = blood cell.
    * célula secreta = secret cell.
    * célula terrorista = terrorist cell.
    * * *
    1) (Biol) cell; (Elec) cell
    * * *
    = cell, pod.

    Ex: For this and other reasons, many articles will be concerned with highly complex subjects rarely, if ever, met in books, e.g. the action of certain carcinogenic and inactive hydrocarbons on the mitochondria of liver cells.

    Ex: There are 3 ' pods' designed to separate areas from the main library for children's activities, the African and Caribbean literature centres and for meeting rooms.
    * anemia de células falciformes = sickle-cell anaemia.
    * arteritis de células gigantes = giant cell arteritis.
    * célula cancerígena = cancer cell.
    * célula cancerosa = cancer cell.
    * célula cerebral = brain cell.
    * célula de combustible = fuel cell.
    * célula del cerebro = brain cell.
    * célula de levadura = yeast cell.
    * célula falciforme = sickle cell.
    * célula fotoeléctrica = photoelectric cell, photoelectric cell, photoelectric cell.
    * célula fotovoltaica = photovoltaic cell.
    * célula madre = stem cell.
    * célula madre adulta = adult stem cell.
    * célula madre embrionaria = embryonic stem cell.
    * célula madre hematopoyética = haematopoietic stem cell.
    * célula piramidal = pyramidal cell.
    * célula sanguínea = blood cell.
    * célula secreta = secret cell.
    * célula terrorista = terrorist cell.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Biol) cell
    2 ( Elec) cell
    Compuestos:
    photoelectric cell
    photovoltaic cell
    ● célula madre or primordial or troncal
    stem cell
    parietal cell
    solar cell
    T cell
    una célula terrorista a terrorist cell
    * * *

    célula sustantivo femenino
    cell
    célula sustantivo femenino
    1 Biol cell
    2 Téc célula fotoeléctrica, photoelectric cell
    ' célula' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dividir
    - nervioso
    English:
    cell
    - host
    * * *
    1. [en biología] cell
    célula madre mother cell; [embrionaria] stem cell;
    célula T T-cell
    2. Elec cell
    célula fotoeléctrica photocell, photoelectric cell;
    célula fotovoltaica photovoltaic cell
    3. [grupo de personas] cell
    * * *
    f cell
    * * *
    : cell
    * * *
    célula n cell

    Spanish-English dictionary > célula

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